{"id":1992,"date":"2021-04-07T14:23:46","date_gmt":"2021-04-07T12:23:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/panakea.net\/?p=1992"},"modified":"2025-03-20T14:59:58","modified_gmt":"2025-03-20T13:59:58","slug":"prehrana-in-zdrav-zivljenski-slog-ter-demenca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/panakea.net\/sl\/blog\/prehrana-in-zdrav-zivljenski-slog-ter-demenca\/","title":{"rendered":"DEMENCA – Prehrana in zdrav \u017eivljenjski slog ter demenca"},"content":{"rendered":"

Prepre\u010devanje<\/h3>\n

Preventiva oz. prepre\u010devanje dejavnikov tveganja za razvoj demence in laj\u0161anje simptomov demence je zelo pomembno. Zdrav \u017eivljenjski slog in primerna prehrana lahko pomembno vplivata na pojavnost demence, saj se lahko na ta na\u010din izognemo mnogim dejavnikom tveganja. S prenehanjem kajenja, zadostno telesno aktivnostjo, raznolikim in polnovrednim prehranjevanjem, omejevanjem zau\u017eitega alkohola, soli, sladkorja in nasi\u010denih ma\u0161\u010dobnih kislin ter z izogibanjem stresu lahko demenco prepre\u010dujemo, prelo\u017eimo za nekaj \u010dasa ali vsaj opo\u010dasnimo njeno napredovanje [1]. Z redno telesno aktivnostjo lahko poskrbimo za izogibanje sr\u010dno-\u017eilnim dejavnikom tveganja kot so prekomerna telesna masa, diabetes in visok krvni tlak, kar lahko uspe\u0161no zmanj\u0161a verjetnost za padec kognitivnih sposobnosti in za\u010detek bolezni [2].<\/p>\n

Na zmanj\u0161anje tveganja za nastanek demence ugodno vplivala u\u017eivanje \u201cmediteranske prehrane\u201d. Gre za prehrano bogato s sadjem, zelenjavo, stro\u010dnicami in nerafiniranimi \u017eiti, z zmernimi koli\u010dinami mle\u010dnih izdelkov, nizkim vnosom mesa in mesnih izdelkov in visokim vnosom rib. Ta na\u010din prehranjevanja zagotavlja ustrezne koli\u010dine mikro- in makro- hranil za podporo in vzdr\u017eevanje kognitivnih funkcij ter zmanj\u0161uje tveganje za upad kognitivnih sposobnosti [3]. Ravno u\u017eivanje rib, ki je klju\u010dno v mediteranski prehrani, pa lahko izbolj\u0161a tudi spoznavne sposobnosti [4].<\/p>\n

Ker imajo bolniki te\u017eave s spominom, se v\u010dasih ne spomnijo, da so \u017ee jedli in pojedo obrok ve\u010dkrat, ali obratno, pozabijo, da morajo jesti. Zato so motnje hranjenja stalna spremljevalka bolezni, kar pomeni, da so bolniki pogosto izpostavljeni velikemu tveganju podhranjenosti. Nekaterim osebam z demenco se spremeni zaznavanje okusa ali \u017eelja po hrani, lahko se pojavijo te\u017eave s po\u017eiranjem, kar pogosto vodi v pomanjkanje raznih hranil. Omenjena stanja so povezana s slab\u0161im izidom in prispevajo k hitrej\u0161emu napredovanju bolezni [5, 6].<\/p>\n

Prehranske intervencije ponujajo prilo\u017enost za odpravo omenjenih te\u017eav. Prekinitev za\u010daranega kroga podhranjenosti ali pomanjkanja hranil in upad kognitivnih sposobnosti lahko uspe\u0161no zmanj\u0161a breme te uni\u010dujo\u010de bolezni.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Prehranska dopolnila in demenca<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Prehranska dopolnila so \u017eivila, katerih namen je dopolnjevati obi\u010dajno prehrano posameznika. Gre za koncentrirane vire posameznih hranil, kombiniranih hranil ali drugih snovi s hranilnim ali fiziolo\u0161kim u\u010dinkom. Prehranska dopolnila lahko vsebujejo vitamine, minerale, aminokisline, ma\u0161\u010dobne kisline, rastlinske izvle\u010dke, vlaknine, mikroorganizme in druge snovi, katerih uporaba je znanstveno dokazano varna. Prehranska dopolnila so lahko pridobljena z ekstrakcijo iz \u017eivalskih ali rastlinskih virov v naravni obliki ali so pridelana sinteti\u010dno. Na voljo so brez recepta v lekarnah in specializiranih trgovinah. Prehranska dopolnila niso nadomestilo za pesto in uravnote\u017eeno prehrano z zadostnim vnosom sadja in zelenjave, polnozrnatih \u017eitaric, stro\u010dnic, rib, ore\u0161\u010dkov ter semen, kjer so hranila v najbolj primernem razmerju [7].<\/p>\n

Hranila<\/h3>\n

Energijska vrednost hranil in mnoga makro- ter mikro- hranila imajo pomembno vlogo pri ohranjanju mo\u017eganske celovitosti in presnove. Za pravilno delovanje mo\u017eganov je nujno potrebna zadostna koli\u010dina energija in hranil. Mo\u017egansko tkivo je sestavljeno iz razli\u010dnih hranil, prehrana pa zagotavlja predhodnike nevrotransmitorjev, ki so nujno potrebni za normalno delovanje mo\u017eganov. Po\u0161kodbe mo\u017eganskih \u017eil, oksidativni stres in vnetni procesi, ki veljajo za pomembne patofiziolo\u0161ke mehanizme pri razvoju demence, modulirajo ravno dolo\u010dena hranila [8].<\/p>\n

Vitamini skupine B<\/strong><\/p>\n

Skupino B-vitaminov sestavlja osem razli\u010dnih vitaminov, ki delujejo sinergi\u010dno: vitamin B1 (tiamin), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantotenska kislina), vitamin B6 (piridoksin), vitamin B7 (biotin), B9 (folna kislina) in vitamin B12 (kobalamin). Prispevajo k delovanju \u017eiv\u010dnega sistema, k normalnemu psiholo\u0161kemu delovanju, k presnovi homocisteina, k umskim zmogljivostim in imajo vlogo pri za\u0161\u010diti celic pred oksidativnim stresom.<\/p>\n

Povi\u0161ana koncentracija homocisteina v telesu je povezana z ve\u010djo verjetnostjo upada kognitivnih sposobnosti in pojavom demence. Homocistein nastane z metilacijo metionina in se lahko iz telesa izlo\u010di na dva na\u010dina. Za en na\u010din sta potrebna folat (oblika vitamina B9) in vitamin B12, za drugega pa vitamin B6. Visoke oz. zadostne vrednosti omenjenih vitaminov so torej nujno potrebne za presnovo homocisteina in so tako predstavljajo pomemben dejavnik pri prepre\u010devanju demence [9, 10, 11, 12].<\/p>\n

Pomanjkanje tiamina je povezano z nevrolo\u0161kimi te\u017eavami, vklju\u010dno s kognitivnimi primanjkljaji in encefalopatijo ter lahko zmanj\u0161a metabolizem glukoze v mo\u017eganih. Zadostna koncentracija tiamina je zatorej pomembna za normalno delovanje kognitivnih funkcij [13].<\/p>\n

Niacin sodeluje v presnovi celi\u010dne energije, vpliva na oksidativni stres in modulira ve\u010d poti, ki so povezane s celi\u010dnim pre\u017eivetjem [14].<\/p>\n

Zagotovljena zadostna koncentracija B vitaminov v krvi je pomembna za\u0161\u010dita pred upadom spoznavnih sposobnosti in kognitivnimi motnjami. Zadostne vrednosti vitamina B6, folne kisline in vitamina B12 zmanj\u0161ajo koncentracijo homocisteina v krvi ter tako prepre\u010dijo razvoj demence.<\/p>\n

Vitamin D<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vitamin D je steroidni hormon in je pomemben za ve\u010d nevrobiolo\u0161kih procesov, kot so za\u0161\u010dita pred nevrodegeneracijo, ki jo povzro\u010da vnetje ali glukokortikoidi, zmanj\u0161anje proizvodnje amiloida-\u03b2, normalno fiziolo\u0161ko delovanje in za\u0161\u010dito centralnega \u017eiv\u010dnega sistema [9, 14].<\/p>\n

Pomanjkanje vitamina D je povezano z ve\u010djo incidenco vseh sindromov demence [15, 16].<\/p>\n

Omega-3 ma\u0161\u010dobne kisline<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mo\u017egani so izjemno bogati z esencialnimi ve\u010dkrat nenasi\u010denimi ma\u0161\u010dobnimi kislinami, kot so omega-3 ma\u0161\u010dobne kisline. Omenjene ma\u0161\u010dobne kisline igrajo klju\u010dno vlogo tako v membranski strukturi in pri sestavi fosfolipidov, kot tudi pri sinapti\u010dni funkciji ter signalnih poteh \u017eiv\u010dnih impulzov. Iz omega-3 ma\u0161\u010dobnih kislin je sestavljena pomembna ma\u0161\u010dobna kislina fosfatidilholin. Ni\u017eja vsebnost oz. pomanjkanje fosfatidilholina v mo\u017eganih v sinapti\u010dnih membranah, lahko privede do razvoja Alzheimerjeve bolezni in demence, zato je zadostna koncentracija omega-3 ma\u0161\u010dobnih kislin zelo pomembna [10].<\/p>\n

Omega-3 ma\u0161\u010dobne kisline, zlasti DHK so predhodnice lipidnih mediatorjev s protivnetnimi in nevroprotektivnimi funkcijami in lahko sodelujejo pri nevronski plasti\u010dnosti [9]. DHK in EPK sta odgovorni za absorpcijo oksidativnega stresa prostih radikalov in pove\u010danje preto\u010dnosti celi\u010dne membrane, kar je klju\u010dno za u\u010dinkovito delovanje nevronskih sinaps [14].<\/p>\n

Ker so omega-3 ma\u0161\u010dobne kisline pomembna sestavina mo\u017eganov in imajo protivnetni u\u010dinek, je zadostna koncentracija le-teh zelo pomembna za ohranjanje normalne kognitivne funkcije [17, 18].<\/p>\n

Nukleotidi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nukleotidi so nizkomulekolarne spojine v celicah, na katerih temeljijo nevrodegenerativne bolezni. V centralnem \u017eiv\u010dnem sistemu se obna\u0161ajo kot nevrotransmitorji, ki uravnavajo ve\u010d fiziolo\u0161kih in patolo\u0161kih procesov. Te spojine aktivirajo specifi\u010dne receptorje, ki so klju\u010dnega pomena za normalno delovanje \u017eiv\u010devja. Zadostna prisotnost pomembnih nukleotidov in njihovo delovanje sta klju\u010dna za prepre\u010devanje nevrodegenerativnih bolezni [19].<\/p>\n

Antioksidanti<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antioksidanti so molekule, ki zavirajo oksidacijo drugih molekul. Mo\u017egani so zelo dovzetni za oksidativne po\u0161kodbe, zato je oksidativni stres ali neustrezna antioksidativna obramba lahko vzrok za patogenezo in napredovanje demence. Zadostna koncentracija oz. vnos antioksidantov in njihova uravnote\u017eena kombinacija v telesu je pomemben dejavnik prepre\u010devanja razvoja kognitivnih motenj kot so Alzheimerjeva bolezen, demenca in druga nevrodegenerativna stanja [14, 9, 20].<\/p>\n

Holin<\/strong><\/p>\n

Holin je mikrohranilo, ki je nujno potrebno za normalno rast in razvoj mo\u017eganov ter normalno delovanje njegove nevrokognitivne funkcije. Ima klju\u010dno vlogo pri vzdr\u017eevanju strukturne in funkcionalne celovitosti celi\u010dnih membran ter prispeva k presnovi homocisteina. Prav tako uravnava holinergi\u010dno signalizacijo v mo\u017eganih s sintezo \u017eiv\u010dnega prena\u0161alca acetilholina. S svojimi presnovki sodeluje na poteh, ki uravnavajo metilacijo genov povezanih s spominom in kognitivnimi funkcijami v razli\u010dnih fazah razvoja. Funkcije, povezane s holinom, so bile pri nekaterih nevrodegenerativnih boleznih motene, kar ka\u017ee na vlogo holina pri vplivu na du\u0161evno zdravje skozi celotno \u017eivljenjsko dobo [21].<\/p>\n

Acetil L-karnitin<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acetil-L-karnitin je ester trimetilirane aminokisline L-karnitina, ki se sintetizira v \u010dlove\u0161kih mo\u017eganih, jetrih in ledvicah, lahko pa ga pridobimo tudi s hrano ali prehranskimi dopolnili. Acetil-L-karnitin olaj\u0161a vnos acetil-koencima-A v mitohondrije med oksidacijo ma\u0161\u010dobnih kislin, pove\u010da nastajanje acetilholina, spodbuja sintezo beljakovin in membranskih fosfolipidov ter tako pomembno prispeva k presnovi celi\u010dne energije. Ker je pomemben tudi za prenos nevronov in spodbuja krepitev nevronske presnove v mitohondrijih, je klju\u010den za normalno delovanje kognitivnih funkcij [22, 23].<\/p>\n

Avtor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sandra Rupnik, mag. in\u017e. preh.<\/p>\n

VIRI<\/strong><\/h4>\n
    \n
  1. Pe\u010djak V (2007). Psihologija staranja. Bled: Samozalo\u017eba<\/li>\n
  2. Baumgart M, Snyder H M, Carrillo M C, Fazio S, Kim H Johns H. Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: A populationbased perspective. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2015;11:719-726<\/li>\n
  3. Lourida I, Soni M, Thompson-Coon J, Purandare N, Lang I A, Ukoumunne O C, Llewellyn D J. Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia: a systematic review. Epidemiology 2013;24:479-89<\/li>\n
  4. Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS. Fish consumption and cognitive decline with age in a large community study. Archives of neurologyl. 2005;62(12):1849-53<\/li>\n
  5. Mur\u0161ec M (2018). Alzheimerjeva demenca: odgovori na pogosta vpra\u0161anja v klini\u010dni praksi za bolnike, njihove svojce in negovalce. Ljubljana: Pliva<\/li>\n
  6. Kogoj A (2011). Du\u0161evne motnje in stiske v starosti. Celje: Visoka zdravstvena \u0161ola<\/li>\n
  7. Direktiva 2002\/46\/ES Evropskega parlamenta in Sveta, Uredba Komisije (EU) \u0161t. 1161\/2011<\/li>\n
  8. Lopes da Silva S, Vellas B, Elemans S, Luchsinger J, Kamphuis P, Yaffe K, Sijben J, Groenendijk M, Stijnen T. Plasma nutrient status of patients with Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. The journal of the Alzheimer’s Association 2014;10:485-502<\/li>\n
  9. Scarmeas N, Anastasiou C A, Yannakoulia M. Nutrition and prevention of cognitive impairment. The Lancet Neurology. 2018;17(11):1006-1015<\/li>\n
  10. Smith A D, Refsum H. Homocysteine, B Vitamins, and Cognitive Impairment. Annual Review of Nutrition. 2016;17(36):211-239<\/li>\n
  11. Oulhaj A, Refsum H, Beaumont H, et al. Homocysteine as a predictor of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2010;25:82-90<\/li>\n
  12. Malouf R, Grimley Evans J. The effect of vitamin B6 on cognition. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003:4:CD004393<\/li>\n
  13. Gibson G E, Hirsch J A, Fonzetti P, Jordan B D, Cirio R T, Elder J. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) and dementia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2016;1367(1):21-30<\/li>\n
  14. Botchwaya B O A, Mooreb M K, Akinleyeb F O, Iyerb I C, Fanga M. Nutrition: Review on the Possible Treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2018;61(3):867-883<\/li>\n
  15. Gale S A, Acar D, Daffner K R. Dementia, The American Journal of Medicine. 2018;131(10):1161-1169<\/li>\n
  16. Canevelli M, Lucchini F, Quarata F, Bruno G, Cesari M. Nutrition and Dementia: Evidence for Preventive Approaches? Nutrients. 2016;8(3):144<\/li>\n
  17. Cederholm T, Palmblad J. Are omega-3 fatty acids options for prevention and treatment of cognitive decline and dementia? Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care. 2010;13:150-5<\/li>\n
  18. Cederholm T, Salem Jr N, Palmblad J. omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of cognitive decline in humans. Advances in Nutrition. 2013;4:672-6<\/li>\n
  19. Sebasti\u00e1n-Serranoa A, Diego-Garc\u00edaa L, Lauroa C, Bianchia C, D\u00edaz-Hern\u00e1ndeza M. Nucleotides regulate the common molecular mechanisms that underlie neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic implications. Brain Research Bulletin. 2019;151:84-91<\/li>\n
  20. Gillette Guyonnet S, Abellan Van Kan G, Andrieu S, Barberger Gateau P, Berr C, Bonnefoy M, Dartigues J F, Groot L, Ferry M, Galan P, Hercberg S, Jeandel C, Morris M C, Nourshashemi F, Payette H, Poulain J P, Portet F, Roussel A M, Ritz P, Rolland Y, Vellas B. IANA task force on nutrition and cogn<\/li>\n
  21. Bekdash R A. Neuroprotective Effects of Choline and Other Methyl Donors. Nutrients. 2019;11(12):2995<\/li>\n
  22. Pennisi M, Lanza G, Cantone M, D\u2019Amico E, Fisicaro F, Puglisi V, Vinciguerra L, Bella R, Vicari E, Malaguarnera G. Acetyl-L-Carnitine in Dementia and Other Cognitive Disorders: A Critical Update. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1389<\/li>\n
  23. Chen N, Yang M, Zhou M, Xiao J, Guo J, He L L-carnitine for cognitive enhancement in people without cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;26(3):CD009374<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Prepre\u010devanje Preventiva oz. prepre\u010devanje dejavnikov tveganja za razvoj demence in laj\u0161anje simptomov demence je zelo pomembno. Zdrav \u017eivljenjski slog in primerna prehrana lahko pomembno vplivata na pojavnost demence, saj se lahko na ta na\u010din izognemo mnogim dejavnikom tveganja. S prenehanjem kajenja, zadostno telesno aktivnostjo, raznolikim in polnovrednim prehranjevanjem, omejevanjem zau\u017eitega alkohola, soli, sladkorja in nasi\u010denih…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":39160,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[63],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1992","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mozgani-in-koncentraicja"],"yoast_head":"\nDEMENCA - Prehrana in zdrav \u017eivljenjski slog ter demenca - Panakea d.o.o.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/panakea.net\/sl\/blog\/prehrana-in-zdrav-zivljenski-slog-ter-demenca\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sl_SI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"DEMENCA - Prehrana in zdrav \u017eivljenjski slog ter demenca\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Prepre\u010devanje Preventiva oz. prepre\u010devanje dejavnikov tveganja za razvoj demence in laj\u0161anje simptomov demence je zelo pomembno. Zdrav \u017eivljenjski slog in primerna prehrana lahko pomembno vplivata na pojavnost demence, saj se lahko na ta na\u010din izognemo mnogim dejavnikom tveganja. 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